Diet for diabetes

10 January 2021

Diet for diabetes mellitus is one of the methods of disease control to prevent the development of acute and chronic complications. The key task of therapeutic measures is to normalize metabolic processes in the body by optimizing blood sugar levels to the maximum permissible value.

The key to patient well-being is adherence to a limited carbohydrate diet and well-chosen drug therapy.

If you do not start the treatment of the disease in a timely manner, diabetes mellitus complicates the kidneys, nervous system, blood vessels, eyes, heart.

Etiology and pathogenesis

Today, 4% of the world population suffers from this disease. According to the WHO, 8640 people with diabetes die every day worldwide, 3 million people die every year. This figure is several times higher than the death rate from hepatitis and AIDS. According to data from the International Diabetes Federation, as of 2014, the number of carriers of this disease is 285 million, at the same time, according to forecasts, by 2030. their number can grow to 438 million.

Etiology of the disease:

obesity;
hereditary predisposition;
viral infections (flu, tonsillitis), as a result of which the islet apparatus is damaged and latent diabetes is formed;
mental / physical trauma;
vascular diseases, autoimmune.

External factors contributing to the development of diabetes:

prolonged mental stress, stress, fear, fear;
eating foods with excessive amounts of carbohydrates, saturated sugary substances;
prolonged overeating.

Symptoms of diabetes in men and women:

weakness;
polyuria (an increase in the amount of urine up to 8 l / day);
weight loss;
hair loss;
sleepiness;
increased urination;
intense thirst;
decreased libido, potency;
itching of feet, palms, perineum;
increased appetite;
wounds do not heal well;
decreased visual acuity;
smell of acetone from the mouth.

If you find signs of a disease, you should immediately consult a doctor, since the effectiveness of diabetes treatment directly depends on the speed with which the first symptoms of the disease are detected, the conclusion of the diagnosis and drug therapy. Remember, in the early stages, the disease is easier to treat.

Classification of diseases and role of nutrition

The primary role after drug therapy should be given to the patient's diet.

The types of diets depend on the stage of pancreatic depression, the mechanism of its manifestation and the method of treatment.

Degrees of disease

Type 1 diabetes. It is a severe autoimmune disease associated with impaired glucose metabolism. In this case, the pancreas either does not produce at all or produces too little insulin necessary to maintain the body's vital functions.
Type 2 diabetes. Often this form of the disease develops in sedentary people with age, whose excess body weight exceeds 15% of the total weight.
Gestational diabetes. This type of diabetes mellitus develops in 4% of women during pregnancy, most often in the second trimester. Unlike the first two types of the disease, in most cases it disappears soon after the baby is born, however, it can sometimes turn into the second type of diabetes. . . .

The less common (variant) forms of diabetes mellitus occurring in 1% of the world population are prediabetes, latent, neurogenic, renal, steroid, bronze, MODY.

Types of diet for diabetes

Insulin injections, hypoglycemic drugs and physical activity are important for achieving positive dynamics in the treatment of the disease. However, according to some doctors (A. Bronstein, E. Malysheva, V. Kononov), the right diet plays a fundamental role.

Types of nutrition programs

A carbohydrate-free diet is a technique that is based on the consumption of complex carbohydrates from vegetables, fruits - in large quantities, and the exclusion of foods containing simple carbohydrates from the menu.
Protein diet for diabetes. This nutritional scheme is based on the principle of minimizing the consumption of carbohydrates and fats by increasing the protein in the diet. The main emphasis in the methodology is the replacement of meat with lean fish, poultry and fermented milk products.
Low carbohydrate diet, used to compose type 1 diabetic menus. 2.
Buckwheat diet. Regular consumption of this product has a beneficial effect on the body: it lowers the level of "bad" cholesterol and saturates it with iron, rutin, calcium, magnesium, fiber, iodine, group B vitamins. The buckwheat dietfor diabetes helps minimize the likelihood of macrovascular complications and ulcers.
The diabetes prevention diet is designed to reduce the risk of developing pancreatic dysfunction.

With the appearance of exacerbations from the heart system and blood vessels, diet 10 is practiced for diabetes mellitus. Its peculiarity is to reduce the consumption of liquids, salt, fats, carbohydrates, as these substances overload the liver, kidneys and excite the nervous system.

Let's consider in detail what kind of diet is needed for diabetes mellitus, recipes for dishes that can be eaten during the period of dietary feeding.

Carbohydrate Counting

When diabetes mellitus is detected, it is important to properly balance the intake of carbohydrates and hypoglycemic substances in the body. To calculate the calorie content of products, a universal parameter called the bread unit is used. At the same time, 1 XE (10 - 13 g of pure carbohydrates) raises glucose to 2. 77 mmol / l and "requires" 1. 4 units of insulin for its absorption. Since the injection is given before the start of a meal, it is important to plan a single meal ration in advance.

The carbohydrate content of a meal should be 4-6 bread units. The frequency and time of meals directly depend on the type of sugar-lowering drug.

Quantity of product that corresponds to 1XE:

sugar - 1 tbsp. ;
honey - 1 tbsp. L . ;
spaghetti - 1, 5 tbsp. ;
fruit juices - 150 ml;
ice cream - 60 g;
fresh water with gas - 180 ml;
bread (rye, white, black) - 25 g;
pancakes or pancakes - 1 pc. ;
dough - 25 g;
melon - 300 g;
porridge (oats, buckwheat, wheat) - 2 tbsp. L. cereals;
sausages - 200 g;
kefir, fermented cooked milk, milk - 250 ml;
mashed potatoes - 100 g;
apples - 100 g;
legumes (peas, beans) - 5 tbsp. L . ;
kiwi - 150 g;
pears - 90 g;
oranges - 100 g;
berries - 150 g;
plums - 100 g;
peaches - 150 g;
watermelon - 400 g;
dried fruit (plums, raisins, dried apricots) - 20 g.

The saturation of carbohydrates in the daily diet of a diabetic should not exceed 17 bread units (2000 kcal).

In addition to counting saccharides, it is important for patients with pancreatic dysfunction to carefully select food for a meal based on prohibited and permitted ingredients.

Diabetes Food Table
Product Category	Allowed	Available in limited quantity	Forbidden food
Bakery products	Separate	Baked goods from wheat, whole grains, rye, second choice flour	Puff pastry, pastry
Meat and poultry	-	Lean varieties of veal, lamb, chicken, turkey, rabbit, boiled tongue, diet sausage	Fat pork, beef, goose, duck, canned food, sausages, bacon, smoked sausages
First courses	Borscht, cabbage soup, fish soup, soups: mushrooms, fish, beetroot	Low fat solyanka	Noodle soups, fatty broths, traditional kharcho
Fish	Lean fish fillet	Mussels, squid, shrimp, oysters, prawns, fish from the salmon family (trout, salmon, salmon)	Eel, caviar, preserves in oil, fish from the herring family (sprat, sprat, herring), sturgeon (star sturgeon, beluga, sturgeon)
Dairy products, fermented milk products	Milk, kefir, unsalted cheese 25-30%	Homemade yogurt, 0% milk, feta cheese, 5% ricotta, curdled milk, fermented cooked milk	Sour cream, 50-60% cheese, salted cheese, glazed curd, butter, condensed milk, cream
Porridge	Buckwheat, pearl barley, oatmeal, barley, millet	-	Semolina, brown rice, pasta
Vegetables	Carrots, cabbage (all types), beets, squash, tomatoes, courgettes, aubergines, onions, turnips, radishes, mushrooms, cucumbers, fresh leafy vegetables, peppers	Corn, boiled potatoes, fresh legumes	French fries, stir-fried vegetables, pickled and salted vegetables
Fruits, berries	Quince, lemons, cranberries, pear	Plums, apples, peaches, oranges, cherries, blueberries, watermelon, raspberries	Grapes, figs, dates, raisins, bananas
Dessert	Fruit salad	Sambuca, compotes, sweetener mousse, fruit jelly, green honey cocktails (1 dec. l. )	Ice cream, cakes, fatty biscuits, cakes, jam, puddings, sweets, milk chocolate with nuts
Sauces and spices	Mustard, pepper, horseradish, tomato juice, cinnamon, spices and herbs	Homemade mayonnaise	Ketchup, sauteed vegetables, purchased sauces
Drinks	Tea, cocoa, ground coffee (without sugar and cream), rosehip and raspberry decoction, unsweetened fruit nectars, soft fruit drinks	Natural vegetable juices (diluted)	Sugar lemonades, kvass, sweet drinks, alcohol
Fat	-	Vegetable oils (linseed, corn, sunflower seeds), unsalted butter	Lard, meat fats

After converting carbohydrates into bread units, it is important to determine the amount of insulin needed to utilize postprandial blood sugar. Following this recommendation will help avoid life-threatening conditions - hyper and hypoglycemia.

Diet for Grade 1 Diabetes

The diet for type 1 diabetes is based on a strict control of the concentration of glucose in the blood at one level (3, 5… 5, 5 mmol / l).

Consider the characteristics of food intake, allowing you to keep the level within the established limits.

The maximum daily calorie content of dishes (daily total) is 2000 kcal.
Fractional nutrition (at least 5 times).
Eliminate pure sucrose from the menu to lower blood glucose.
Distribute the main serving of carbohydrates at breakfast and lunch.
Don't eat at night.
Avoid the intake of easily digestible carbohydrates: baked goods, honey, jams, preserves.
Use a natural sweetener as a sweetener.
To monitor the quality, "naturalness" of the products.
Adjust the schedule of insulin therapy for meals (a long-acting drug is injected before meals, a short one - after meals).
Calculate the number of bread units to take into account the amount of carbohydrates consumed per day. For one meal, you shouldn't eat more than 8 XE.

In the presence of gastrointestinal diseases (pancreatitis, ulcers, gastritis), the diet for diabetes mellitus prohibits the intake of products such as: pickles, smoked meats, rich broths, coffee, carbonated drinks, alcohol, mushrooms, canned foodswhich stimulate the excessive secretion of enzymes, because they affect the speed and level of absorption of carbohydrates.

Allowed foods for type 1 diabetes:

yeast-free baked goods (lavash);
berries, fruit (plum, cherry, lemon, apple, pear, orange);
soy products (tofu, milk);
cereals (pearl barley, oatmeal, buckwheat porridge);
vegetarian puree soups;
drinks (lightly carbonated mineral water, berry mousse, dried fruit compote);
vegetables (onions, courgettes, peppers, beets, carrots);
nuts (not roasted);
weak coffee, green / black tea / unsweetened fruit.

Do not eat:

rich soups, broths;
pasta, flour products;
sweets (cakes, pastries, sweets, chocolate, muffins);
fast food, semi-finished products;
alcoholic beverages (it is strictly forbidden to consume red dessert wine);
acidic, smoked and spicy foods;
fatty meats (pork, lamb, duck), fish (mackerel).

The daily caloric intake of an obese patient on this insulin diet is between 1200 and 1400 kcal. In the absence of the need to get rid of extra pounds, you can increase the portions of dishes.

One week diet for overweight insulin addicts

Day n. 1

breakfast - bread - 1 slice, porridge - 170 g, green tea, cheese - 40 g;
second breakfast - pear - 0, 5 pieces, young cheese - 60 g;
lunch - borscht - 250 g, stewed cabbage - 200 g, vegetable salad - 100 g, steamed cutlet - 100 g, lavash;
afternoon tea - rosehip broth, cottage cheese - 100 g, fruit jelly - 100 g;
dinner - zrazy cauliflower - 100 g, vegetable salad - 150 g;
before bedtime - milk - 200 ml.

Day 2

breakfast - boiled veal - 50 g, green tea, omelette, tomato - 1 pc. , bread - 1 slice;
second breakfast - grapefruit or orange - 1 piece, pistachios - 50 g;
lunch - chicken breast - 100 g, vegetable salad - 150 g, pumpkin porridge - 150 g;
afternoon tea - grapefruit - 1 pc. , kefir - 200 ml. ;
dinner - boiled fish - 100 g, stewed cabbage - 200 g;
Bedtime - Sugar free crackers - 50 g

Day 3

breakfast - lavash, weak coffee without sugar, cabbage rolls with meat - 200 g;
second breakfast - strawberries - 120 g, yogurt - 200 ml;
lunch - pasta - 100 g, vegetable salad - 100 g, steamed fish - 100 g;
afternoon tea - orange - 1 pc. , dried fruit decoction;
dinner - cottage cheese casserole with pears - 250 g;
before bedtime - kefir.

Day 4

breakfast - porridge - 200 g, green tea, cheese - 70 g. boiled egg - 1 pc. ;
second breakfast - toast with cheese, turkey fillet;
lunch - stewed zucchini with meat - 200 g, vegetarian puree soup - 150 g, bread - 2 pcs. ;
afternoon tea - lean biscuits - 15 g, unsweetened black tea;
dinner - green beans - 200 g, boiled chicken fillet - 150 g, rosehip broth;
before bedtime - dry diet bread - 3 pieces

Day 5

breakfast - low-fat cottage cheese (up to 5%) - 150 g, kefir - 200 ml;
second breakfast - pumpkin seeds - 2 tablespoons, raisins - 3 tablespoons;
lunch - baked potatoes - 100 g, vegetable salad - 150 g, compote without sugar - 100 g;
afternoon snack - unsweetened fruit tea, baked pumpkin - 150 g;
dinner - vegetable salad - 200 g, steamed cutlet - 100 g or pancakes with blueberries on rye flour - 250 g;
before bedtime - kefir 1%.

Day 6

breakfast - boiled egg - 1 piece, fruit tea, lightly salted salmon - 30 g;
second breakfast - cottage cheese - 150 g, carrots - 1 pc. ;
lunch - green borscht - 250 g, cabbage rolls with brown rice and carrots - 170 g; Pita;
afternoon snack - kefir - 150 ml. , bread - 2 pieces;
dinner - fresh peas - 100 g, boiled chicken fillet - 100 g, stewed eggplant - 150 g;
before bedtime - dry crackers - 50 g.

Day 7

breakfast - ham - 50 g, buckwheat porridge - 200 g, green tea;
second breakfast - tuna salad, cucumber, cherry tomatoes, wholemeal rye bread - 150 g;
lunch - stewed zucchini with carrots - 100 g, cabbage soup - 250 g, bread - 1 slice, chicken cutlet - 50 g;
afternoon tea - cottage cheese - 100 g, apricots or plums - 4 pcs;
dinner - squid cutlet with onions - 150 g, dried fruit compote;
before bedtime - milk - 200 ml.

The low carbohydrate diet for diabetes is a strictly balanced diet for the patient to keep sugar within the normal range and for systematic weight loss.

Diet for type 2 diabetes

Fundamentals of Diet Health Nutrition:

replace refined carbohydrates with sweeteners;
the ratio of BZHU should be 20%: 30%: 50%;
reduces the consumption of animal fats by up to 50%;

The calorie content of the daily diet depends on the patient's energy consumption and body weight.

Diabetes Diet 9 or Table 9 is a balanced program for diabetic patients with moderate to moderate obesity. By adhering to it, the patient's diet consists of: proteins (100 g. ), Carbohydrates (320 g. ), Fats (80 g. ), Of which 30% are unsaturated triglycerides.

The diet for type 2 diabetes is almost the same as the nutrition program for people who monitor their health:

divides the entire volume of daily food into 5 meals: 2 snacks at 1-2XE, 3 main meals at 5-8XE;
don't skip breakfast;
maximum break between meals - 4 hours;
last meal in the evening - 1, 5 hours before bedtime;
it is recommended to eat vegetable salads, fruits, freshly squeezed juices, dried fruit broth, kefir, milk, green or fruit tea, unsweetened biscuits (crackers), bread between meals.

Daily diet for type 2 diabetes

Day n. 1

breakfast - asparagus - 100 g. , scrambled eggs from 3-4 quail eggs;
second breakfast - salad of nuts, squid, apples - 200 g;
lunch - baked eggplant stuffed with pomegranate, nuts - 100 g, beetroot - 250 g;
afternoon tea - avocado and cocoa ice cream - 100 g;
Dinner - salmon steak with radish sauce - 200 g.

Day 2

breakfast - yogurt, oatmeal - 200 g (you can use stevia or agave nectar as a sweetener), apple - 1 pc. ;
second breakfast - fruit smoothies (grind 80 g each cherry, strawberry, melon and 4 ice cubes in a blender);
lunch - baked veal - 150 g, vegetable stew - 200 g;
afternoon snack - cottage cheese and pear casserole - 150 g;
dinner - vegetable mix - 200 g, avocado - half of the fruit.

Day 3

breakfast - fried eggs of two eggs with the addition of low-fat cheese, basil, tomatoes;
second breakfast - "steamed" vegetables - 100 g, hummus - 100 g;
lunch - vegetarian puree soup - 200 g, peas - 50 g of chicken cutlets - 150 g;
afternoon tea - pear - 1 pc. , almonds - 50 g;
Dinner - salmon - 150 g, yogurt, spinach.

Day 4

breakfast - baked fruit (apples, plums, cherries) in agave nectar - 200 g;
second breakfast - sandwich with tuna and lettuce;
lunch - beef steak - 150 g, boiled cauliflower - 200 g, tomato salad, arugula, parmesan - 100 g;
afternoon snack - dessert made from fruits and berries (cut mango, kiwi, strawberries, combine with snow, pour orange juice and freeze) - 150 g;
dinner - broccoli roll - 200 g.

Day 5

breakfast - orange - 1 pc. ; fruit tea, low-fat cheese - 30 g, bread - 2 pcs. ;
second breakfast - beet salad with nuts - 200 g;
lunch - rice - 200 g, salmon, steamed - 150 g, grapefruit - 1 pc. ;
afternoon tea - berries with whipped cream 10% - 150 g;
dinner - rosehip broth, squid cutlet with onions - 200 g.

Day 6

breakfast - carrot and cottage cheese soufflé - 200 g;
second breakfast - zrazy cauliflower - 100 g;
lunch - tangerine salad, chicken breast, rocket - 200 g, compote of dried fruits, vegetable borscht - 200 ml;
afternoon tea - kiwi, raspberry mousse - 200 ml. ;
dinner - steamed cod with carrots - 200 g, kefir.

Day 7

breakfast - baked apple stuffed with oat flakes, nuts, raisins - 1 pc. ;
second breakfast - fruit and vegetable salad of kohlrabi, celery, pears - 200 g, shrimp - 100 g;
lunch - polenta - 200 g, vegetables, boiled hake - 200 g, kiwi - 1 pc. ;
afternoon tea - strawberries with mascarpone - 100 g;
dinner - cucumber salad with onions, spinach - 250 g, green tea.

Depending on the course of the disease, changes can be made in the patient menu.

Remember, the example diet above is not a universal nutrition system for all diabetics, so it is important to monitor your well-being as you follow it. In case of spoilage, "problem" foods should be excluded from the menu.

Diet for gestational diabetes

In some cases, the pancreas malfunctions in the body of the expectant mother and, as a result, gestational diabetes develops. In most cases, this condition is easy to control with proper nutrition.

Diet for diabetes during pregnancy

Eliminate sugar, sweets, baked goods, semolina, sweet fruits and foods containing sweeteners from your diet.
Balance the menu of the day. The daily intake of carbohydrates is 50%, protein - 30%, fat - 15-20%. At the same time, Malysheva's diet for diabetes involves minimizing the amount of food intake, which contains plant and animal triglycerides (5-10%).
Observe the drinking regime: 1, 5-2 liters of water per day.
Enrich your daily diet with starch (cereals, rye bread, brown rice, legumes, sweet potatoes, Jerusalem artichokes, radish, beetroot) and fermented milk products.
Snack on fresh fruit.
Distribute the daily food intake into 3 main meals (breakfast, lunch, dinner) and 2 snacks (lunch, afternoon snack).
Enrich your daily diet with multivitamin complexes for pregnant women.
Reduce sugar with folk remedies using decoctions of celery roots, lime blossom, blueberry leaves, lilac buds, bean pods.
Limit your caffeine intake. The allowable amount of alkaloids is 2 servings of coffee or tea.

The optimal calorie intake of the daily diet of a pregnant woman is 2000 - 2500 kcal. At the same time, a carbohydrate-free diet for gestational diabetes is prohibited.

Recommended menu for expectant mothers with high blood sugar

breakfast - millet porridge - 150 g, fruit tea, rye bread - 20 g;
second breakfast - dried wholemeal sandwich - 50 g, 17% unsalted cheese - 20 g, apple - 1 pc. ;
lunch - buckwheat porridge - 100 g, a mix of cabbage, Jerusalem artichoke, cucumbers - 150 g, beef stew - 70 g;
afternoon tea - cottage cheese 5% - 100 g, unsweetened cracker - 2 pieces, orange - 1 piece. ;
dinner - boiled chicken fillet - 60 g, vegetable garnish (carrots, cabbage, peppers) - 100 g, tomato juice - 180 ml, bread - 2 pcs. ;
3 hours before bedtime - kefir / yogurt - 200 ml.

In addition to following a special diet, patients with gestational diabetes are shown walking (40 minutes per day) and moderate physical activity (gymnastics, water exercises).

Diet for insulin-dependent diabetes in children

Diabetes mellitus in childhood and adolescence is much more difficult to carry than in adults. The genetic predisposition of the child, stress and poor nutrition are the main causes of the development of the autoimmune disease.

In 80% of cases, children are diagnosed with insulin-dependent diabetes (type 1). Early diagnosis, immediate treatment and strict adherence to a special diet will help prevent the consequences of the disease.

Diet for diabetes in children

Exclude sugar, soda, confectionery, baked goods made from wheat flour, fried foods, baked goods from the menu.
Enrich your daily menu with unsweetened fruits, vegetables and herbs (unlimited). Forbidden: grapes, bananas, raisins, dates, persimmons, figs.
Use natural sugar substitutes.
Divide your daily food intake into 6 meals. At the same time, it is important to eat food at regular intervals. The allowable deviations in the baby's nutritional schedule are 15-20 minutes.
Meals should be eaten after 15 minutes. after the introduction of insulin and 2 hours after the injection.
If there is no way to eat at the appointed time, you can eat bread, pear, walnut, cheese sandwich or apple as a snack. In no case should you starve.
Taking a slice of chocolate right away will help stop hypoglycemia attacks. Therefore, an adult accompanying a child should always have a sweet product available.
Enrich your baby's daily diet with fermented milk products.
Calculate your daily fructose intake. The amount of sugar substitute directly depends on the age of the child and the nature of the course of the disease.

To lower blood glucose, it is advisable for a child to give decoctions of blueberries, nettles, corn stalks, mint leaves, barberry branches, bean pods, Jerusalem artichoke fruits, ginseng and eleutherococcus.

Therefore, the diet for patients with diabetes plays an important role, since the patient's well-being and life depend on the correctness of its composition. Therefore, it is important to take the compilation of the diet and its adherence very seriously and carefully, otherwise neglect can lead to tragic consequences.